linux安装后会用到的一些操作

2019-09-03

Linux

> 本文介绍linux系统在安装之后会用到的一些常用操作

- [在win 10上启用linux后如何使用putty等工具ssh连接](#%E5%9C%A8win-10%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%AF%E7%94%A8linux%E5%90%8E%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8putty%E7%AD%89%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7ssh%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5)
- [Ubuntu更换国内源](#Ubuntu%E6%9B%B4%E6%8D%A2%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%BA%90)
- [使用 key 登录 linux](#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-key-%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95-linux)
- [无需密码即可执行sudo](#%E6%97%A0%E9%9C%80%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%8D%B3%E5%8F%AF%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8Csudo)

## 在win 10上启用linux后如何使用putty等工具ssh连接

1. sudo apt-get purge openssh-server
2. sudo apt-get install openssh-server
3. sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config and disallow root login by setting PermitRootLogin no
4. Then add a line beneath it that says:
   1. AllowUsers yourusername
   2. and make sure PasswordAuthentication is set to yes if you want to login using a password.
5. Disable privilege separation by adding/modifying : UsePrivilegeSeparation no
6. sudo service ssh --full-restart

Connect to your Linux subsystem from Windows using a ssh client like PuTTY.

参考：[how-can-i-ssh-into-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10](https://superuser.com/questions/1111591/how-can-i-ssh-into-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10)

## Ubuntu更换国内源

以18.04为例：

1. 备份/etc/apt/sources.list文件

    mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sourses.list.backup

2. 新建/etc/apt/sources.list文件并添加以下内容

```
#阿里云源
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
```

或其他几个源：

```
#163源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#中科大源
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#清华源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
```

参考：

* [Ubuntu18.04更换国内源](https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/639051)
* [Alibaba Mirrors](https://opsx.alibaba.com/mirror?lang=en-US)

## 使用 key 登录 linux

1. 使用ssh-keygen生成公钥
2. 将公钥复制到linux的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中

## 无需密码即可执行sudo

1. sudo visudo
2. 添加 [username] ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL，将username替换为实际的登录名

参考：[How to run sudo command without a password on a Linux or Unix](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-running-sudo-command-without-a-password/)

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